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Top treatment options that help fight against COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease that affects the lungs by obstructing the airflow. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are two conditions that play a big role in COPD and they both occur together usually. The main reason for COPD is smoking and the inhalation of other irritating gases. Patients suffering from this chronic lung disease are more prone to cardiac conditions and even cancer. COPD gets worse with time and develops slowly, but treatment is possible.

Symptoms
In most cases, the symptoms of COPD are not very significant or they don’t show up until lung damage has already occurred. They also get worse if the patient has a habit of smoking. Signs and symptoms may vary from person to person too, and here are some common ones you can watch out for:

Coughing and wheezing
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness
Respiratory infections
Fatigue and weakness
Sudden weight loss
Change in color of sputum
Swollen ankles, feet, or legs
Anxiety
Fluid retention
Trouble with sleeping
Intolerance toward cold temperatures

Causes and risk factors
The causes of COPD aren’t the same for any two people. The right COPD treatment plan is determined by observing the symptoms and causes of this condition in a person. That being said, these factors play a pivotal role in causing COPD:

Smoking
Smoking is one of the most common causes of COPD. People who consume products like cigars, cigarettes, and tobacco pipes can also get affected. Basically, the more smoke you breathe, higher the risk. Even if you are not smoking but live with a smoker, you can get COPD.
Asthma
Patients of asthma who don’t take their treatment seriously can damage their lungs, which can cause COPD. It can worsen if an asthmatic has the habit of smoking.
Pollution
Air pollution can also cause COPD. Chemical fumes, dust, and vapors can irritate and inflame the lungs. Cadmium dust, grain and flour dust, silica dust, welding fumes, and coal dust are very harmful to the lungs.
Genetics
This factor plays a major role in COPD. A defect in the DNA, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency , or AAT deficiency can cause COPD. In this condition, the lungs lack adequate proteins required to keep damage at bay.

Treatment options
Depending on the severity of symptoms in a patient, the COPD treatment plan is chalked out. The treatment aims to control symptoms, slow down the progression of the condition, and reduce the risk of complications. COPD treatment options are also planned to improve the quality of life as well. Some of them are

Quitting smoking
One of the most common COPD treatments is to quit smoking. When a person stops smoking, it prevents the condition from getting worse and reduces problems like breathlessness and other symptoms. But this task is easier said than done and takes time. You can consult your doctor for nicotine replacement products and other medications to get started. Don’t forget to talk about relapses too. If you are a passive smoker, then avoid inhaling second-hand smoke as much as possible.
Medications
After taking care of your habits, certain medications play a major role in COPD treatment. Based on the symptoms, these options are prescribed, some of them are
- Bronchodilators
  They come in the form of inhalers and help by relaxing the muscles around the airways. Bronchodilators also give you relief from coughing and breathlessness and aid in breathing. Short-acting bronchodilators or long-acting bronchodilators are prescribed depending on the symptoms of the patient. Some short-acting bronchodilators are Albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others), Ipratropium (Atrovent HFA), and Levalbuterol (Xopenex). Some long-acting bronchodilators are Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair), Arformoterol (Brovana), Formoterol (Perforomist), Indacaterol (Arcapta Neoinhaler), Tiotropium (Spiriva), Salmeterol (Serevent), and Umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta).
- Inhaled steroids
  These steroids help reduce inflammation in the airways and prevent exacerbations. Inhaled steroids are prescribed only to people who deal with the problem of frequent exacerbations, as it involves some side effects such as bruises, oral infections, and hoarseness. Some inhaled steroids are Fluticasone (Flovent HFA) and Budesonide (Pulmicort Flexhaler).
- Combination inhalers
  These inhalers combine bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, depending on the symptoms. Some of them are Fluticasone and vilanterol (Breo Ellipta), Fluticasone, umeclidinium and vilanterol (Trelegy Ellipta), Formoterol and budesonide (Symbicort), and Salmeterol and Fluticasone (Advair HFA, Air Duo Digihaler, etc.)
- Oral steroids
  These medications are helpful for patients who suffer from moderate or severe acute exacerbation, as they prevent worsening of symptoms. However, long-term use of oral steroids can have many side effects, such as diabetes, osteoporosis, weight gain, cataract, and many other infections.
- Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
  Roflumilast (Daliresp), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, is suitable for all people who suffer from severe COPD symptoms. It helps by reducing the inflammation in the airway and eases airways as well.
- Theophylline
  In some cases, when COPD treatment fails or people find the treatment too costly, theophylline (Elixophyllin, Theo-24, Theochron) is prescribed, as it is comparatively affordable and prevents the worsening of symptoms. But some people experience side effects such as nausea, tremor, tachycardia, and headaches.
- Antibiotics
  Infections, such as influenza, pneumonia, and acute bronchitis can trigger COPD symptoms. So, antibiotics are recommended to prevent the worsening of symptoms. Azithromycin (Zithromax) is one such antibiotic that is prescribed.
Lung therapies
There are several therapies used as COPD treatment to help people with moderate or severe COPD. Some of them are
- Oxygen therapy
  When there is insufficient oxygen in the blood, one might need supplemental oxygen. Several devices are available to supply oxygen to the lungs, which are light in weight and portable. Many patients use oxygen therapy while sleeping or doing certain activities, while some need it all the time. You can consult your doctor before going for oxygen therapy. It ensures a better quality of life and adds to your years.
- Pulmonary rehabilitation program
  As the name suggests, these rehabilitation programs combine education, exercise training, nutrition advice, and counseling. Various specialists will discuss your symptoms, guide you, and will design a program that is suitable for your needs. These programs improve your quality of life and are good for general wellbeing.
Surgery
Surgery is the last resort as COPD treatment when medications prove to be insufficient and patients suffer from severe emphysema. Some surgical options are
- Lung volume reduction surgery
  This surgery involves the removal of small parts of damaged lung tissue from the upper lungs, which occupy extra space in the chest cavity. This makes it easy for the remaining and healthier lung tissue to expand and the diaphragm to work properly.
- Lung transplant
  When COPD gets severe, in some cases, lung transplantation is the only option left. Lung transplantation improves your breathing ability and helps you to become more active. However, in some cases, people face problems like organ rejection, and they need to be on lifelong immune-suppressing medications.
- Bullectomy
  In this type of COPD treatment, bullae are removed from the lungs for better air flow. Bullae are large air spaces that develop in the lungs when the air sac walls are destroyed.

Natural remedies
Other than medications and different types of therapies, natural remedies can also help you to manage COPD symptoms and slow down the progress of the disease. They are

Try to improve air quality at home
If you are a passive smoker or are surrounded by certain irritants, such as paints, varnishes, chemical-based cleaning products, pesticides, dust, or pet dander, it might trigger COPD symptoms. You can work on improving the air quality by limiting your contact with chemicals in the house, opening windows for ventilation, using air purifiers, regular cleaning and vacuuming of nooks and corners to prevent mold or mildew growth, and changing bed linens more regularly.
Practice breathing exercises
Many patients suffering from COPD find breathing exercises beneficial. These exercises promote a healthy respiratory system. Some examples of breathing exercises are pursed-lip breathing and diaphragm breathing.
Manage stress levels
Mental or emotional stress can weaken the immune system and the body’s ability to fight infections. It also triggers COPD symptoms. Learn to manage stress levels by engaging in activities of your choice, practicing meditation, listening to music, going for walks, and talking to people.
Maintain a healthy weight
Being over- or underweight can be hazardous for COPD patients. To maintain a healthy weight, don’t binge on fatty foods, control portions, and follow a balanced diet full of nutrients.
Work on muscle strengthening
COPD patients often find it difficult to exercise due to breathing problems. But avoiding exercise can only make the symptoms worse. So, consult a doctor and start working out. Gradually, when you gain strength, you can upgrade your difficulty level. Interval training and strength training are some types of workouts used for muscle strengthening without putting too much stress on the heart and lungs.
Try water-based exercises
These exercises are considered ideal for COPD patients, as these exert less stress on the body, making it easier to work out and gain strength. Water-based exercises can also improve your quality of life.
Take supplements
According to doctors, certain supplements can help reduce inflammation and control other symptoms. Supplements of vitamin D, co-enzyme and creatine, and omega-3 fatty acids are good examples. These supplements help energize body cells, reduce inflammation, and clear infections. Supplements of vitamin A, C, and E help improve lung health and should be taken regularly.

Foods to have
Only a healthy body can fight infections effectively and reduce the symptoms of COPD. For a healthy body, one requires good nutrition. Since COPD patients find it difficult to breathe, their calorie requirements are more than an average person. A wholesome diet for COPD patients should include

Whole grains
Pick high-fiber foods made with whole grains over refined carbohydrates. The more carbs you consume, the more you stress your lungs. Also, a high-carb diet increases carbon dioxide production. Try eating whole wheat, quinoa, millet, rolled oats, rye, buckwheat, bulgur wheat, barley, and corn.
Milk products
Doctors advise COPD patients to consume about 3,300 calories in a day, including five servings of milk or milk products. Go for low-fat milk that takes care of your calorie intake and provides the essential nutrients. Yogurt, cottage cheese, and low-fat cheese can also be taken.
Healthy fats
Always include healthy fats in your diet. Instead of saturated animal fats or hydrogenated fats, choose omega-3 fatty acids and poly- and mono-unsaturated fats. You can have nuts, olive oil, and avocados.
Fruits and vegetables
COPD treatment requires the inclusion of fruits and vegetables in their diet. These foods are loaded with essential nutrients and have inflammation-fighting antioxidants. Many studies have proven that antioxidants and phytochemicals protect your lungs and lower COPD related risks. Fruits like pears, citrus fruits, cherries, pineapples, and grapes can be eaten at least twice a day. You can even steam vegetables and make a quick salad with desired seasonings and dressings.
Beans
Beans, peas, and other legumes are also high in fiber and contain zinc, which is a necessary mineral for a diet plan for COPD treatment. Zinc should be consumed in moderate quantities, as it helps with COPD symptoms. Just boil beans and have them in salads and soups.
Nuts
Nuts with healthy fats can help you maintain a normal Body Mass Index (BMI). Nuts can be enjoyed at breakfast or as evening snacks. You can also go for nut butter as it includes healthy fats to meet your daily calorie requirements.
Lean protein
COPD patients often suffer from protein deficiencies. So, include fish, chicken, eggs, nuts, and dairy in your diet, as all these foods will provide adequate protein to your body. After consulting your doctor, you can even take some protein supplements.

All in all, the right COPD treatment is about taking prescribed medications, making lifestyle changes, and following a balanced and nutritious diet. So, consult your doctor without delay if you notice any signs or symptoms so that a diagnosis can be done at the earliest.

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An Overview Of Colon Polyps

An overview of colon polyps Colon polyps are small clumps of cells formed on the lining of the colon. The majority of these polyps tend to be harmless, but with time, there are certain polyps that can easily grow into colon cancer. This is a serious condition, especially when found in the later stages. Almost any individual can develop colon polyps. People who are over 50 years of age are at an increased risk of suffering from this condition. Even smokers and overweight individuals or people with a family or personal history of colon polyps might be at an increased risk of suffering from this condition. Colon polyps – causes are slightly known, but this condition rarely causes any symptoms. Therefore, for individuals who are at risk of developing the condition, it is important to have screening tests on a regular basis. These will include a colonoscopy. Polyps found in the early stages can conveniently be removed. They can be removed completely in a very safe manner. Regular screening is the best step for the prevention of colon polyps. What are the colon polyps – causes? Doctors do not exactly know the causes of colon polyps, but they are of the view that polyps are a result of abnormal tissue growth. The human body develops healthy cells in a periodic manner, thus replacing the old cells that tend to be damaged or are no longer required. The division and growth of these new cells is regulated. However, there are cases when the new cells develop and then divide before they are actually needed. It is this excessive growth that results in polyps. Packaged red meat is also one of the most common colon polyps – causes. Fiber deficiency in the body. High-fat diet taken in excessive amounts. Smoking cigarettes. Obesity is also one of the major colon polyps – causes. Inherited conditions such as Gardener syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome might also put an individual at an increased risk of having colon polyps. What signs and symptoms do colon polyps show? Majority of the individuals suffering from colon polyps do not show any symptoms. They are actually unaware of the fact that they have polyps, because they feel very well. Bleeding from the rectum is one of the most common symptoms of colon polyps. Blood in the stool can also be a sign of colon polyps. Blood might make stool look black, or there can be red streaks in stool. A feeling of tiredness due to anemia and not having sufficient iron in the body are common symptoms. It is the bleeding from the polyps that can result in an iron deficiency and anemia. Several other health issues might also result in these signs. Nevertheless, if rectum bleeding or blood in the stool are everyday phenomena, a consultation with a doctor is vital. How can colon polyps be prevented? Knowing the colon polyps – causes can help prevent the condition. However, there are other important steps that can be followed in trying to prevent this condition. They are as listed: Regular screenings. Lifestyle changes can also be of help in doing away with the colon polyps – causes, and, consequently, prevent them. Adopting healthy habits such as eating fruits, whole grains, and vegetables and reducing fat intake can help in the prevention of colon polyps. Limiting the intake of alcohol and quitting tobacco. Staying active physically and maintaining a healthy body weight is also important. When should one see a doctor? A general physician must be consulted in case of the following: Blood in the stool Abdominal pain Changes in bowel habits for more than a week It is important for one to have a word with their physician regarding their intake of vitamin D and calcium. This is because studies have proved that increasing the intake of food items rich in vitamin D and calcium can help prevent the recurrence of polyps. However, this is not completely clear. It is important to consider all the options, especially if one is at a very high risk of suffering from colon polyps.

The Types Of Colon Polyps And Their Prevention

The types of colon polyps and their prevention Growths that occur on the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and usually protrude into the colon are known as colon polyps. They form when the genetic material within the cells that line the colon changes and becomes abnormal. Under normal circumstances, the immature cells that line the colon multiply, mature, and then die in a timely fashion. On the other hand, the genetic changes in the lining cells prevent the cells from maturing, and they don’t die. Resultantly, immature and genetically abnormal cells start accumulating in the colon, eventually resulting in the formation of polyps. This article intends to raise awareness about colon polyps, its types, symptoms, diagnosis, the colon polyps – causes, and more. What are the types of colon polyps? Inflammatory colon polyps : Also known as false polyps, it is mostly found in people who have inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. These polyps are inflammatory manifestations of IBD, are benign, and are unlikely to become cancerous. Adenomatous colon polyps : Also known as adenomas, this type of colon polyps make up about 70% of all polyps found in the colon. They can become cancerous, but the process takes years. Hyperplastic colon polyps : The term hyperplasia means fast growth, which indicates an abnormal increase in the number of cells resulting in the gross enlargement of the colon polyp. Despite the rapid growth, hyperplastic polyps have a low risk of turning cancerous. Villous adenoma : This type of colon polyp has a greater potential of becoming cancerous. It is estimated that approximately 30 percent of villous adenomas develop into a malignancy. These polyps require surgery for the removal of their cauliflower-like protrusions. What are the causes of colon polyps? Experts are not sure about the colon polyps – causes. However, the causes are believed to be a mix of environmental and genetic factors that result in an abnormal tissue growth. What are the known risk factors of colon polyps? Age : The risk of developing colon polyps tends to increase with age. Family history : A close relative with colon cancer or polyps raises the risk. Sex : Men have a slightly higher chance of developing polyps. Race : Black men and women have a higher risk. Alcohol : Alcohol consumption is closely linked to colon cancer risk and is known as one of the colon polyps – causes. Red meat : If not had in moderation, red meat can serve as one of the colon polyps – causes. Having too much red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer as well. Lack of dietary fiber : A good intake of fiber has many benefits, including colon benefits. It decreases the risk of colon cancer. Smoking : Smoking increases the risk of all types of cancers, and colon polyps or cancer is no exception. Obesity : Obese people are at higher risk of developing colon polyps and cancer. How are colonic polyps diagnosed? The following tests help diagnose colon polyps: Colonoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Barium enema CT colonography Stool test What are the symptoms of colon polyps? Change in stool color Rectal bleeding Iron deficiency Anemia Change in bowel habits Abdominal pain Blood in the stool Fatigue How common are colon polyps? They are very common. They increase in prevalence as people age. If one has colon polyps, they are more likely to develop polyps elsewhere in the colon later. Only a small proportion of polyps cause symptoms or signs, which usually are the result of bleeding from the polyp. How can colon polyps be prevented? Adopt healthy habits : Adopt healthy habits and increase the intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit fat intake, alcohol consumption, and quit tobacco. Stay physically active and maintain a healthy weight. Avoid all the estimated colon polyps – causes. Seek advice if at high risk : If there’s a family history of colon polyps or its other risk factors affect one, seeking prompt medical advice and counseling is important. With regular colonoscopies, one can prevent the colon polyps – causes from developing, and hence preventing the colon from developing.

Carcinoid Neuroendocrine Tumors – Prognosis And Life Expectancy

Carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors – Prognosis and life expectancy The neuroendocrine system is a complex regulatory mechanism comprised of cells spread throughout several organ systems, including our lungs and digestive system. As they have characteristics of both nerves and endocrine cells, they are called neuroendocrine cells. The nerve cells transmit signals using electrical impulses, whereas endocrine cells make thyroid and insulin-secreting glands. This article intends to discuss the carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor that starts in these cells in detail. What is a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor? A carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor starts in the cells of the hormone-producing organs in our body. A carcinoid tumor is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that most commonly arises in the gastrointestinal system, which includes intestines, stomach, and esophagus. Carcinoid tumors account for about 1% to 2% of lung cancers. As carcinoid tumors originate from tissue that produces hormones, the main side effect of the condition is the inappropriate release of various hormones in the bloodstream. Carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor can arise in a number of locations categorized into three areas: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Lungs and stomach form the foregut area. The midgut comprises of the small intestine, colon, and appendix. The hindgut includes the end of the large bowel, the rectum, and genitourinary tract organs (ovaries and testes). What factors raise a person’s risk of developing a carcinoid tumor? A family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 : This hereditary condition increases an individual’s risk of developing tumors in the pituitary gland, pancreas, and parathyroid gland. Age : Age seems to be a major factor that plays an integral role, as children rarely develop carcinoid tumors; the average diagnosis age is 55 to 65 years for this condition. Race and gender : Carcinoid tumors are more common among black people than white people, and black men have a higher risk than black women. White men and women have the same risk levels, and after treatment, women tend to live longer. Other medical conditions : Some medical conditions that damage the stomach and reduce acid production increase the risk of developing a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor. What are the symptoms of a carcinoid tumor? Signs and symptoms of a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor depend on where the tumor develops: Carcinoid tumors in the lungs : The symptoms of a tumor in the lungs are chest pain, wheezing, diarrhea, shortness of breath, skin flushing (redness and a feeling of warmth on the face and neck), weight gain, particularly around the midsection and back, and pink or purple marks on the skin, which look like stretch marks. Carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract : The symptoms, in this case, are abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, intestinal blockage, causing an inability to pass stool, rectal bleeding and pain, and skin flushing. What are some effective management tips for the symptoms of carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors? Facial flushing : Avoid stress and ask your doctor about specific foods that cause facial flushing so that you can avoid them. Diarrhea : Ask your doctor for anti-diarrheal medication. Wheezing : Ask for medication that relaxes muscles in the lungs to make breathing easier. Heart problems : Discuss your heart issues with your doctor so that they can prescribe diuretics, which lower the blood pressure. Carcinoid syndrome : Use octreotide on prescription, which is the most effective medication to treat carcinoid syndrome. What is the prognosis for carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor? Carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign carcinoid tumors are small and can be removed completely. They don’t come back and don’t spread to other parts of the body. They don’t produce any symptoms as well. Malignant carcinoid tumors are large, and their cells can invade and damage the surrounding tissues and organs. Additionally, malignant cells can enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and can even form new tumors in other parts of the body. Lymph nodes, lungs, bone liver, and skin are the common sites for carcinoid metastases. Carcinoid tumors grow slowly in comparison to other cancers, such as lung, colon, pancreas, or liver cancer. Patients with larger malignant carcinoid tumors (with or without metastasis) can survive and have a good quality of life after proper treatment. Adenocarcinoids, a rare form of carcinoid tumors, are more aggressive than the typical malignant carcinoid tumors.

What Are The First Signs Of Liver Damage

Liver damage – What are the first signs? On the right side of the abdomen, below your rib cage, is an organ called the liver. It is the size of a football and is one of the most important organs in the human body. The liver aids in the digestion of the food we eat and also helps in flushing out the toxins from our body. When there is any kind of disturbance in the normal liver functioning, then it can cause a significant damage to the human body. Once you start exhibiting the signs of liver damage, it is important to get the exact diagnosis and take the next steps accordingly. What are the causes of liver damage? There can be a number of causes for liver damage: Liver infection is one of the most common causes of liver damage. Viruses and parasites can cause infections that affect the normal functioning of the liver. Hepatitis is the most common liver infection, which includes Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Some diseases will affect your immune system thereby damaging your liver too. This is called autoimmune hepatitis. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis are of the same kind. If you have inherited an abnormal gene from any of your parents or family members, it can lead to a build up of various substances in the body and hence can damage the liver. Build up of liver cancer can be a cause. A person who is an alcohol addict is more prone to liver damage. What are the first signs of liver damage? There can be several signs of a liver damage. Here are 10 signs of liver damage that you need to pay attention to: Your eyes and skin turning yellow, which is usually a sign of jaundice. Abdominal swelling and pain are also symptoms of liver damage that you should watch out. Your ankles and legs begin to swell.. Your urine becomes dark yellow in color. There can be many reasons for dark yellow urine, but it can also be a sign of liver damage. Excessively itchy skin is also a symptom of liver damage. Loss of appetite. Getting bruises easily as your liver fails to create proteins needed for blood clotting. Vomiting and nausea for no reason. Blood in the stool or pale stool. Chronic fatigue. How is liver damage diagnosed? In order to get started with the liver damage treatment, it is very important to diagnose the symptoms of liver damage correctly. In order to start the diagnoses, your doctor will start with a physical examination, followed by requesting details of your health history. Liver function tests, which are blood tests will be done at the initial stage. MRI Scan and CT scan kind of image tests are done. Tissue analysis is also done to get an accurate idea of the problem . How is liver damage treated? The treatment for the liver damage depends on the type and severity of damage. Some stages can be treated with just slight modifications to the diet and lifestyle like weight reduction, no smoking or alcohol. Further stages will require medication and severe condition will need a surgery. If your liver has failed completely, then you will have to go for a liver transplant, which is an expensive and time consuming process. How can liver damage be prevented? Certain changes in your lifestyle can prevent liver damage. You need to stop drinking alcohol or only drink a moderate amount to decrease pressure on your liver. Get vaccinated to prevent getting hepatitis infections. When you are spraying insecticides or other aerosol sprays, make sure that you cover your nose and also make sure to protect your skin. You need to maintain a healthy weight as there are chances of fatty liver damage as well. You should take only medicine that is prescribed to you and make sure that you do not take any medicine in excess or without talking to your doctor.